Lectures in Indian History Integrated in the Form of a Book

My lectures in Indian History have been integrated in the form of a book on Google Play. Have a Look !!!

Notes in Economics-2

Money Banking and Stock Market

1.       Money is a standard unit of measurement for economic Magnitudes

2.       It also represent cash balance that a household has. The reason that cash balances are required serve three purposes: transaction, precautionary, speculative.

3.       Money is also medium of exchange and a temporary store of value.

4.       Money is defined in two ways, Narrow Money – M1 ( Currency with Public + Demand Deposits with the banks  + Other deposits with RBI) and Broad Money ( M1+ Time deposits with banks)

5.       In 2011, M1 in India was 16.3 Trillion Rupees and Broad Money was 65 Trillian Rupees.

6.       In Barter system, a person could exchange a good with another system only if the other person required that good. This matching of mutual demands for a barter exchange is called “double coincidence of wants.

7.       How Banks earn a profit

a.       They earn a profit due to three tendencies of depositers:

                                                               i.      When people deposit money in a bank, they do not withdraw their money immediately.

                                                             ii.      When they withdraw money, they do not withdraw in full

                                                            iii.      People do not withdraw money simultaneously with others.

b.      Hence bank keeps aside a portion of the initial cash deposit ( primary deposit) of an account holder and lends the remaining amount to a firm, on the condition that the firm opens an account in the bank, in which the money loaned is deposited. This creates an additional deposit- a secondary deposit with the bank, for which no new cash was actually deposited in the bank. Once again using the same three assumptions, the bank lends the remaining amount to yet another firm. Thereby bank creates deposits which are much larger than the initial deposits. This multiple creation of credit and deposit allows banks to charge interest on loans and profit.

c.       A bank may turn greedy and keep a low portion as cash. To prevent this, RBI sets a minimum limits on the cash reserve maintained by banks. This min. limit is called the Cash Reserve Ratio ( CRR) (Varies from 3 to 20 %).

d.      RBI also stipulates that bank maintain a certain amount of their deposit liabilities in the form of secure investments- government securities, gold or cash. This is called SLR ( Varies from 20-39%).

e.      In India deposit holders are ensured up to a max of Rs. 1 Lakh each in case there is a bank failure.

Adapted from Book: Day to Day Economics- By Prof. Satish Y. Deodhar ( Buy this Book)

Some Concepts in Economics-1

Taken from Book "Day to Day Economics" by Prof. Satish Y. Deodhar

Why government decides to undertake some economic activities in her own hand and not leave it to private sector.

There are two features in these activities that prompt government to undertake these activities in her own hand. One is called Public Goods and the other are called Natural Monopolies.

There are certain services which are called as the “pure public goods”. For example National defence is a pure public good. Also it is non-rival in consumption, as if one is enjoying the benefit of the defence, he cannot prevent other to enjoy it. It is also nonexclusive, as every individual is enjoying the benefits of the defence of the nation. A private firm cannot provide national defence. It is so because they cannot express how much they value their security, and why would anyone pay for it.

Apart from that there are services where the set up costs are so high that only one single firm can provide the service at an affordable cost. For example supply of potable water is such services. However, if a single private firm is allowed to offer this service, then in absence of competition, it would turn into an monopolist. Thus government will undertake such services. The goods and services that fall under this category are called “Natural Monopolies”. Similarly running of postal service, generation and supply of electricity and the provision of landline telephone services.

Why Government applies taxes on some activities and give subsidies on some other activities

There are certain economic activities that affect a bystander that are not party to that activities. For example late night playing of loud music disturbs the peace of neighbourhood. This creates what is called as negative externality. Government wants to discourage this activity.

Similarly government gives subsidy on the electric cars. Why , as it doesn’t pollute atmosphere and doesn’t use fossil fuel. Government wants to encourage this activity.  This creates what is called as a positive externality.

Similarly subsidy on primary education, taxing on the chemical factory are such examples.

·         Size of the budget expenditure in 2011-12 is 11 Trillion Rs. which is 14% of Indian GDP. The receipts are 6.8 trillion Rs. which is 9.5 % of India’s GDP. This is very small if we compare the receipts for other countries ( France-39%, UK-34%, Brazil-20% and Russia- 17%)

·         There are three types revenue receipts. First is the Revenue Deficit, this is the difference between revenue expenditure and revenue receipts. A deficit of this kind shown that the government has to borrow money to finance administrative activities which do not lead to the creation of any assets.

·         The second type of deficit is Fiscal deficit, which refers to the difference between the government’s total expenditure and the total non-debt receipts. This indicates that the government has exhausted all its options for financing its expenditure and the only recourse left for it is to borrow.

·         Also there is Primary Deficit. This deficit is defined as the difference between Fiscal Deficit and the interest payment on debts incurred in earlier years. If one removes the interest payments from the Fiscal deficit, the primary deficit becomes a smaller number.

·         Looking at the numbers in 2011, Fiscal deficit was 4.8% of the GDP, Revenue was 3.5% and Primary was 1.7% of the GDP. Also ((Revenue/Fiscal)x100) is 72.5%.  

How high fiscal deficit “Crowd Out” private investments 

This linkage is explained in two ways:

1.       High Fiscal deficità Government will borrow heavilyà demand for loans will rise in the marketà Interest rates go upà Cost of borrowing for Private firms go up à Investments projects become economically unviableà Fall in private investmentsà Adverse impact on employment generation and income

2.       High Fiscal deficità Government will borrow heavilyà Also borrow from International marketà Foreign fund starts flowingà Demand for Rupee goes up to exchangeà Indian exports become expensiveà Higher imports and Lower Exportsà Higher trade deficit

·         Direct Taxes in India in 2011 was 56.5% of total tax revenue and Indirect taxes are 42.2 %

General Chemistry Notes-4

Calcination is heating strongly in the absence of air. Roasting is heating in the excess of air . Smelting, also called autoreduction, involves reduction of ores, usually oxides at elevated temperatures.

It is difficult to remove the earthy matter called gangue which contaminates an ore. This is done by adding to ore a substance called flux. Flux combines with gangue to form a molten product called slag, which can be easily removed.

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals and is homogeneous in nature. For example Brass (Copper, Zinc), Bronze ( Copper, Tin) and Gun Metal ( Copper, Tin and Zinc) are examples of alloys.

An amalgam is a solution of metal in mercury. Sodium amalgam is used a reducing agent. Tin amalgam is used for making mirrors. Cadmium and Gold amalgam are used in dentistry.

A few elements like arsenic, Antimony, Boron, Silicon and Germanium behave both like metals and non-metals. These are called metalloids.

The five main causes of air pollution are carbon monoxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and sulphur oxides. Transportation sources are responsible for 74% of all carbon monoxide emissions. Use of Catalytic converter in two stages helps in eliminating pollutants from exhaust gases before they are discharged into atmosphere. In the first stage converter, Nitrogen Oxide is converted to Nitrogen and Ammonia in the presence of finally divided Platinum as a catalyst. In the second stage coverter, Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are completely oxidized to water and carbon dioxide in the presence of Platinum catalyst. Unleaded gasoline should be used as Platinum can be poisoned by the lead.

Much of Nitrogen Oxides and Sulphur Oxides entering into the atmosphere are converted into Nitric acid and Sulphuric acid. This will generate precipitation known as acid rain.

Urea is used as a fertilizer. DDT ( Dichloro-Di-Phenyl Trichloro Ethane) and BHC ( Benzene HexaChloride) , Melathion and parathion are used as pesticides. Zinc Phosphate and Barium Carbonate are used as rodenticides. Bordeaux Mixture ( copper Sulphate + Lime + Water) are used as fungicides.

General Biology Notes-4

Muscular System


1. Total Number of muscles in human body are 636.

2. Study of muscles is called Mycology.

3. Voluntary muscles are striped and are not independent. They are controlled by Spinal cord.

4. Involuntary muscles are smooth. They are concerned with the survival of the animal. They are controlled by autonomic nervous system.

5. Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles but striped.

6. Muscles convert chemical energy ( glucose) into mechanical energy. In humans this conversion efficiency is 25%.

7. Muscle fatigue is the accumulation of lactic acid.

Transport System

8. Transportation in plants takes place through xylem and phloem tissues.

9. Loss of water through evaporation from plant body is called Traspiration

Human Circulatory System

Image via Wikipedia

10. In human, heart pumps blood into arteries.

Image via Wikipedia

11. The aorta is the longest and largest artery in the body.

12. The pulmonary artery is the only artery that contains impure blood and carries it from right Ventricle to the lungs.

13. All veins except pulmonary veins carry impure that is deoxygenated blood.

14. The heart-beat consists of 2 phases systole and diastole.

15. In human adults at rest, the heart beats at the rate of 72 times per minute.

16. Blood pressure is 120mm of mercury in Systole and 80 mm of mercury in diastole.

17. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure.

Blood

18. In adult man normally 5.6 liters of blood is formed.

19. The pH of blood is 7.4,

20. Mixture of RBC, WBC and platelets are there is plazma.

21. RBCs or Erythrocytes are round, biconcave and non-nucleated.

Image via Wikipedia

22. There are 4 to 6 m RBC/cubic ml of blood.

23. Life of RBC is 120 days.

24. They are formed in red bone marrow of short bones.

25. These are destroyed in liver Spleen.

26. Contain a protein called Haemoglobin which gives them red color.

27. People living in hilly areas have higher number of RBSc than persons living in plains.

Geography-4

The Details of this post have been integrated into the book below!! 

General Studies Lecture Notes

 Geography

By

Priyank Goyal

Order Here

The present book is a compilation of the main points of the lectures given by Priyank Goyal in Geography to the students preparing for Indian and State Civil Services examinations.

This is meant to be used for quick revision of the topic just before examination or for daily brushing up of the points.

The details are derived from the notes made during the author's preparation of the Civil Services Examination which helped him in qualifying the prelims part of the examination twice.

This is equally helpful for students who are preparing for State Civil Service, Banking, Customs, Income Tax and other entrance examinations.

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Indian History-4

My lectures in Indian History have been integrated in the form of a book on Google Play. Have a Look !!!