Indian National Movement Notes-2

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Chemistry Notes for Prelims-2

Deliquescence and Efflorescence

* Solids like NaOH and Cacl₂ become damp on exposure to moist air. Such substances are called deliquescent substances.

* On the other hand, crystals of washing soda loses a part of water of crystallisation (Na₂CO₃ . 10 H₂O) and crumble into powder. Such substances are called efflorescent substances. 

_{FIRE EXTINGUISHERS} 

Two methods of extinguishing a fire are:

a. Cutting off the supply of air.

b. Cooling the flames below the ignition temperature.

types:

Ordinary: Mixture of Water and CO₂ 

Foam Type: Fire covered by foam of oil and Sodium Bicarbonate.

Electrical Fires: Heavy Carbon Tetrachloride is put on fire.

COMBUSTION: It is the process of burning accompanied by the liberation of heat and light.

* It may take place in the presence of gases which support combustion eg.Oxygen or Chlorine.

* Farther the substance which burns must be raised to a particular temperature called ignition temperature.

EXPLOSION: It is sudden expansion of gases with a loud noise, owing to release of internal energy.

COMPOSITION OF AIR: Nitrogen: 78%, Oxygen: 21%, Argon: 0.9%

* Air is only a mixture and is not a compound.

* Oil contains unsaturated compounds. They add hydrogen and are converted into solid fats. This hydrogenation of oil is called 'vanaspati'.   

Peculiar Properties of Water: Even though molecular weight of water is low, it has unusually high boiling point. It is denser than ice.

Solid CO₂ used in refrigerators is called dry ice.

Carbonic Acid  is also known as soda water.

A Fuel is a substance that is used to produce heat energy.

Carbon Cycle: During day time , plants take up CO₂ from air and return oxygen. At night the plants take in oxygen and gives out CO₂. This cycle serves to maintain the % of  CO₂ in air fairly constant.  

Gobar Gas: Obtained by fermentation of cow dung and water, inside a pit in the absence of air, also called 'biogas' used for running cooking, tubewells etc.

Aqua Regia: A mixture of Conc. HCl and conc. HNO₃ in the ratio of 3:1 is called aqua regia. It can dissolve Gold and Platinum.

Laughing Gas: Nitrous Oxide: When inhaled, produce laughing. Used as anesthetic   

General Biology Notes-2

Plants

Plants are divided into three parts:

1. Autotrophic

2. Heterotrophic

3. Insectivorous

Heterotrophic plants are divided into two parts Parasites- Which are totally dependent on living plants and animals and Saprophytes- Depend on dead and rotting organic remains of plants and animals.

Plants Micro Nutrients

1. N₂ : Deficiency leads to decrease in angle between the stem and the leaf.

2. P: leads to abnormal color of leaf

3. Ca: Deficiency : Leaves appear abnormal in form or often show scorching or spotting effect.

4. Fe: Acute deficiency leads to scorching of leaf margins and tips. Mild deficiency leads to mottled patterns on leaf.

5. Mn: Deficiency leads to poorly developed root system.

6. Zn: In citrus plants, its deficiency causes mottled leaves.

7. Boron (B): Its deficiency leads to "Heart rot of suger beet and marigold"

Digestive, Teeth, Skeleton and Muscular System

Digestive System

The canal or body parts in which digestion takes place is called Alimentary Canal. It starts from mouth, and passing through Oesophagus (food pipe), stomach and small intestine finally ends into large intestine. Absorption of digested food mainly takes place in small intestines. Undigested and unabsorbed material then passes down the colon and rectum which absorb the excess water and with the help of putrefying bacteria form faeces. Finally the faeces passes out through the anus.

Human Digestive Enzymes

Parts	Digestive Juice	Enzyme present
Mouth	Saliva	Ptylin
Stomach	Gastric Juice	Pepsin+ HCL, Renin, Gastric Lipose
Liver	Bile Juice	No Enzyme
Pancreas	Pancreatic Juice	Trypsin, Amylase, Pancreatic
Small Intestine	Succus Entericus	Peptidases, Invertase, Lipase, Maltase, Lactase

- Digestion changes proteins into amino acids, carbohydrates into Monosaccharide glucose, fructose into galactose and fats into fatty acids and glycerols.

- Digestion of proteins is initiated in the stomach by the act of the enzyme pepsin.

- More than 50% of the energy content of the common diet comes from carbohydrates.

- For a normal person about 70 g of proteins and about 400-500 gms of carbohydrates are recommended.

Indian Geography-2

The Details of this post have been integrated into the book below!! 

General Studies Lecture Notes

 Geography

By

Priyank Goyal

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The present book is a compilation of the main points of the lectures given by Priyank Goyal in Geography to the students preparing for Indian and State Civil Services examinations.

This is meant to be used for quick revision of the topic just before examination or for daily brushing up of the points.

The details are derived from the notes made during the author's preparation of the Civil Services Examination which helped him in qualifying the prelims part of the examination twice.

This is equally helpful for students who are preparing for State Civil Service, Banking, Customs, Income Tax and other entrance examinations.

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Later Vedic Age

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