Indian National Movement Notes-2

My lectures in Indian History have been integrated in the form of a book on Google Play. Have a Look !!!

Chemistry Notes for Prelims-2

Deliquescence and Efflorescence

* Solids like NaOH and Cacl₂ become damp on exposure to moist air. Such substances are called deliquescent substances.

* On the other hand, crystals of washing soda loses a part of water of crystallisation (Na₂CO₃ . 10 H₂O) and crumble into powder. Such substances are called efflorescent substances. 

_{FIRE EXTINGUISHERS} 

Two methods of extinguishing a fire are:

a. Cutting off the supply of air.

b. Cooling the flames below the ignition temperature.

types:

Ordinary: Mixture of Water and CO₂ 

Foam Type: Fire covered by foam of oil and Sodium Bicarbonate.

Electrical Fires: Heavy Carbon Tetrachloride is put on fire.

COMBUSTION: It is the process of burning accompanied by the liberation of heat and light.

* It may take place in the presence of gases which support combustion eg.Oxygen or Chlorine.

* Farther the substance which burns must be raised to a particular temperature called ignition temperature.

EXPLOSION: It is sudden expansion of gases with a loud noise, owing to release of internal energy.

COMPOSITION OF AIR: Nitrogen: 78%, Oxygen: 21%, Argon: 0.9%

* Air is only a mixture and is not a compound.

* Oil contains unsaturated compounds. They add hydrogen and are converted into solid fats. This hydrogenation of oil is called 'vanaspati'.   

Peculiar Properties of Water: Even though molecular weight of water is low, it has unusually high boiling point. It is denser than ice.

Solid CO₂ used in refrigerators is called dry ice.

Carbonic Acid  is also known as soda water.

A Fuel is a substance that is used to produce heat energy.

Carbon Cycle: During day time , plants take up CO₂ from air and return oxygen. At night the plants take in oxygen and gives out CO₂. This cycle serves to maintain the % of  CO₂ in air fairly constant.  

Gobar Gas: Obtained by fermentation of cow dung and water, inside a pit in the absence of air, also called 'biogas' used for running cooking, tubewells etc.

Aqua Regia: A mixture of Conc. HCl and conc. HNO₃ in the ratio of 3:1 is called aqua regia. It can dissolve Gold and Platinum.

Laughing Gas: Nitrous Oxide: When inhaled, produce laughing. Used as anesthetic   

General Biology Notes-2

Plants

Plants are divided into three parts:

1. Autotrophic

2. Heterotrophic

3. Insectivorous

Heterotrophic plants are divided into two parts Parasites- Which are totally dependent on living plants and animals and Saprophytes- Depend on dead and rotting organic remains of plants and animals.

Plants Micro Nutrients

1. N₂ : Deficiency leads to decrease in angle between the stem and the leaf.

2. P: leads to abnormal color of leaf

3. Ca: Deficiency : Leaves appear abnormal in form or often show scorching or spotting effect.

4. Fe: Acute deficiency leads to scorching of leaf margins and tips. Mild deficiency leads to mottled patterns on leaf.

5. Mn: Deficiency leads to poorly developed root system.

6. Zn: In citrus plants, its deficiency causes mottled leaves.

7. Boron (B): Its deficiency leads to "Heart rot of suger beet and marigold"

Digestive, Teeth, Skeleton and Muscular System

Digestive System

The canal or body parts in which digestion takes place is called Alimentary Canal. It starts from mouth, and passing through Oesophagus (food pipe), stomach and small intestine finally ends into large intestine. Absorption of digested food mainly takes place in small intestines. Undigested and unabsorbed material then passes down the colon and rectum which absorb the excess water and with the help of putrefying bacteria form faeces. Finally the faeces passes out through the anus.

Human Digestive Enzymes

Parts	Digestive Juice	Enzyme present
Mouth	Saliva	Ptylin
Stomach	Gastric Juice	Pepsin+ HCL, Renin, Gastric Lipose
Liver	Bile Juice	No Enzyme
Pancreas	Pancreatic Juice	Trypsin, Amylase, Pancreatic
Small Intestine	Succus Entericus	Peptidases, Invertase, Lipase, Maltase, Lactase

- Digestion changes proteins into amino acids, carbohydrates into Monosaccharide glucose, fructose into galactose and fats into fatty acids and glycerols.

- Digestion of proteins is initiated in the stomach by the act of the enzyme pepsin.

- More than 50% of the energy content of the common diet comes from carbohydrates.

- For a normal person about 70 g of proteins and about 400-500 gms of carbohydrates are recommended.

Indian Geography-2

The Details of this post have been integrated into the book below!! 

General Studies Lecture Notes

 Geography

By

Priyank Goyal

Order Here

The present book is a compilation of the main points of the lectures given by Priyank Goyal in Geography to the students preparing for Indian and State Civil Services examinations.

This is meant to be used for quick revision of the topic just before examination or for daily brushing up of the points.

The details are derived from the notes made during the author's preparation of the Civil Services Examination which helped him in qualifying the prelims part of the examination twice.

This is equally helpful for students who are preparing for State Civil Service, Banking, Customs, Income Tax and other entrance examinations.

Order Here

President, Vice President of India

Government of the Union (Part-V)
Article (52-151) deals with: Executive, legislature, union judiciary and CAG.
The Union executive in India consists of President, the Vice-President, the council of ministers and the Attorney General of India.

The President

Electroral Procedure: It consists of elected members of the two houses of Parliament and elected members of all the SLA.

Value of vote of an MLA= (Population of the state)/Elected members of SLA X 1000

Value of vote of an MP= No of votes assigned to all MLA/ Total no of elected MPs

Election of president should be done by a secret ballot and based on a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.

Art 56: President term is 5 years. His term may terminate either by

-Resignation in writing to VP of India
-By impeachment.

Qualification: -Citizen of India
- 35 years of age
- Be qualified for election as member of LS
- Must not hold any office of profit.

President should not be a member of either house of parliament or a house of any state legislature. Salary 50,000 per month. Pension 3 Lakh/year

Impeachment:
- Either house may start the procedure.
- Can be brought not less than 2/3 of the total membership of the house.
- Also to be passed by at least 2/3 of the members.

Vacancy: - Due to some unnatural cause then
- VP
- Chief- Justice of India
- Senior- Most member of the SC.

The term ‘Executive Power’, actually refers to the power exercised by the council of Ministers in the name of the President.

The Vice President

- Vide Article 63
- Election: By an electoral collage of members of two houses of Parliament
- Qualification: Identical as of president of India except the candidate should be qualified to be a member of the Rajya Sabha.
- Term , Emoluments: 5 years. May terminate by resignation or by removal.
- Gets a salary of 40,000 Rs. Per month
- Functions as Ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha ( Article 64)

Notes on Indian National Movement-1

My lectures in Indian History have been integrated in the form of a book on Google Play. Have a Look !!!

Notes on General Chemistry-1

CHEMISTRY

SCOPE OF CHEMISTRY:

Deals with matter and the changes that matter undergoes when subjected to the action of heat light, electricity and other matter.
Elements: Substance which cannot be subdivided by any physical or chemical method.
Metals: Silver, Gold, copper sodium etc
Non metals: Oxygen, hydrogen sulphur etc.
Mixtures and compounds :
Iron + Sulphur = Mixture – Possesses both properties of iron and sulphur.
Iron + Sulphur-------------- Heated----FeS--- Compound- Properties of Iron and sulphur are lost.

Kinetic Theory of Matter: It says the pressure of a gas as due to bombardment of the wall of the vessel by the molecules of the gas.

Chemical Reactions:
Decomposition: (AB-------------- A+B)
Combination: (A + B--------------AB)
Double decomposition: (AB + CD----------- AD+ BC)
Displacement: (A +BC---------------- AC + B )

If the heat is evolved in a reaction it is called exothermic if heat is absorbed it is endothermic reaction.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE:
First given by John Dalton : says atom is indestructible.

Nucleas: Rutherford. The entire mass is concentrated in the nucleus which contain protons and neutrons, their total number equal to atomic mass.

The atomic number which is net positive charge on nucleus is equal to the number of protons.
Since the atom is electrically neutral , a number of electrons is equal to the number of the protons revolve around the nucleus.

Chemical Bonding: The force of attraction which binds the atoms in a molecule is called Chemical bonding.

Isotopes: They are atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different atomic masses. They differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Nuclear fission: When certain heavy atoms like Uranium are bombarded with high velocity neutrons, new fast moving neutrons are released along with a large amount of energy. This process is called neuclear fission.

If all the neutrons are used in producing more fission a rapid and violent reaction takes place. This is the basis of the atomic bomb.

Nuclear Fusion: The two isotopes of hydrogen eg. Deutruim and Tririum react to produce, helium, neutron and a flood of energy. This is called fusion, and forms the basis of H-bomb.

Oxidation and Reduction:
Occur side by side.
Wherever there is oxidation, there is reduction.
When Chlorine oxidized Hydrogen sulphide to Sulphur, Hydrogen Sulphide reduces Chlorine to Hydrogen Chloride. Cl2 + H2S--------------- 2HCl + S

Oxidation: Removal of hydrogen or addition of oxygen or removal of electrons.
Reduction: Addition of hydrogen or removal or oxygen or addition of electrons.

Mathces: Side of the Box: Red phosphorous or phosphorous trisulphide.
Match Sticks: Impregnated with borax- so that they can be extinguished without glowing for a long time.

Heavy Water:
Discovered by Urey.
Contains heavy hydrogen atom i.e deuterium(D)
Formula D2O
Density 1.106

Used in Nuclear reactors to absorb neutrons

Notes on General Biology

NUTRITION AND DIET
The green plants and a few types of bacteria which are completely self supporting are called autotrophs.
This mode of nutrition in green plants is achieved mainly by the process of photosynthesis.
All animals including men and non-green plants show heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Hetrotrophs obtain all their energy requirements mainly from organic substances like carbohydrates and fats.

FOOD
Energy yielding food: Carbohydrates and fats
Body building food: Protein and Minerals
Protective food: Vitamins and minerals

Carbohydrates:
One Gram of carbohydrate provides 4.1 Cal.
Manufactured by green plants cia photosynthesis.
Lever converts carbohydrates into glycogen and stores in itself and muscles.
Gycogen is known as animal starch as it is not produced in plants.
Excess carbohydrates is converted to fats.

Fats:
One gram of fat provides 9.3 calories of energy.
Stored as future foods.

Proteins
There are made of amino acids which are the only source of nitrogen in the body.
Amino Acids were discovered by William Rash of USA
One gram of protein provides 4.1 calories.
Proteins are raw material for manufacturing of Hormones, enzymes, antibodies etc.

Minerals:
Vitamins and Minerals are called micronutrients while protein, carbohydrates and fats are called macronutrients.
Ca and P form about ¾ of minerals.
Phosphorous: Metabolism
K and Mg: Muscle Contraction
Na and K: Propagation of nerve impulse and for water balance of the body.
Iron: Raw material for RBC
Iodine: thyroid Glands functioning

Mineral Deficiency Diseases
Anemia: Iron deficiency
Rickets : Calcium
Goiter: Deficiency of Iodine.

Water:
An average man contains about 45 litre of water which is 70% of body weight.

Vitamin:
Funk for the first time used the word Vitamin.
Vitamin A, D, E, K:- Fat soluble
Vitamin B and C:- Water soluble

Vitamin (A) (Retinol) :
Sources: Cod lever oil, egg yolk, yellow vegetables.
Deficiency symptoms: Night Blindness, Xerophthalmia.

Vitamin (B) ( Thiamine):
Sources: Grains, meats, green vegetable.
Deficiency symptoms: Beriberi

Vitamin (C) ( Ascorbic acid):
Sources: Citrus fruits.
Deficiency symptoms: Scurvy (Spongy Gums)

Vitamin (D) ( Calcipherol):
Sources: Animal oil and U-V Rays.
Deficiency symptoms: Rickets, Osteomalacia.

Vitamin (E) ( Tocopherol):
Sources: Unpolished grain, animal and vegetable oil and wheat.
Deficiency symptoms: Muscular Paralysis.

Vitamin (K) ( Kgluation or Coagulation):
Sources: Leafy vegetables.
Deficiency symptoms: Improper coagulation of blood,
Lathyrism: Caused by a neurotoxin, found in Kesri Dal

Notes on Indian Geography

The Details of this post have been integrated into the book below!! 

General Studies Lecture Notes

 Geography

By

Priyank Goyal

Order Here

The present book is a compilation of the main points of the lectures given by Priyank Goyal in Geography to the students preparing for Indian and State Civil Services examinations.

This is meant to be used for quick revision of the topic just before examination or for daily brushing up of the points.

The details are derived from the notes made during the author's preparation of the Civil Services Examination which helped him in qualifying the prelims part of the examination twice.

This is equally helpful for students who are preparing for State Civil Service, Banking, Customs, Income Tax and other entrance examinations.

Order Here

Notes on Early Vedic Age

My lectures in Indian History have been integrated in the form of a book on Google Play. Have a Look !!!

Notes on Indian History: Indus Valley Civilisation

My lectures in Indian History have been integrated in the form of a book on Google Play. Have a Look !!!