Saturday, November 28, 2009

General Biology Notes-4

Muscular System


1. Total Number of muscles in human body are 636.

2. Study of muscles is called Mycology.

3. Voluntary muscles are striped and are not independent. They are controlled by Spinal cord.

4. Involuntary muscles are smooth. They are concerned with the survival of the animal. They are controlled by autonomic nervous system.

5. Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles but striped.

6. Muscles convert chemical energy ( glucose) into mechanical energy. In humans this conversion efficiency is 25%.

7. Muscle fatigue is the accumulation of lactic acid.

Transport System

8. Transportation in plants takes place through xylem and phloem tissues.

9. Loss of water through evaporation from plant body is called Traspiration



simplified diagram of the human Circulatory sy...Image via Wikipedia





10. In human, heart pumps blood into arteries.



Heart during ventricular diastole.Image via Wikipedia


11. The aorta is the longest and largest artery in the body.

12. The pulmonary artery is the only artery that contains impure blood and carries it from right Ventricle to the lungs.

13. All veins except pulmonary veins carry impure that is deoxygenated blood.

14. The heart-beat consists of 2 phases systole and diastole.

15. In human adults at rest, the heart beats at the rate of 72 times per minute.

16. Blood pressure is 120mm of mercury in Systole and 80 mm of mercury in diastole.


17. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure.

Blood

18. In adult man normally 5.6 liters of blood is formed.

19. The pH of blood is 7.4,

20. Mixture of RBC, WBC and platelets are there is plazma.

21. RBCs or Erythrocytes are round, biconcave and non-nucleated.

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are one of the ...Image via Wikipedia


22. There are 4 to 6 m RBC/cubic ml of blood.

23. Life of RBC is 120 days.

24. They are formed in red bone marrow of short bones.

25. These are destroyed in liver Spleen.

26. Contain a protein called Haemoglobin which gives them red color.

27. People living in hilly areas have higher number of RBSc than persons living in plains.


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Saturday, November 21, 2009

Geography-4


The Details of this post have been integrated into the book below!! 

General Studies Lecture Notes

 Geography

By

Priyank Goyal



The present book is a compilation of the main points of the lectures given by Priyank Goyal in Geography to the students preparing for Indian and State Civil Services examinations.



This is meant to be used for quick revision of the topic just before examination or for daily brushing up of the points.



The details are derived from the notes made during the author's preparation of the Civil Services Examination which helped him in qualifying the prelims part of the examination twice.



This is equally helpful for students who are preparing for State Civil Service, Banking, Customs, Income Tax and other entrance examinations.

Thursday, November 19, 2009

Indian History-4

My lectures in Indian History have been integrated in the form of a book on Google Play. Have a Look !!!

Tuesday, November 17, 2009

Indian Polity-4

Indian Polity-3

1. Joint session of the house is conducted:

a. After every general election
b. In the beginning of first session
c. When one house passes a bill while the other house rejects or does not give assent for six months.

2. A joint Session is presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha.

3. The first hour of every sitting in both houses is devoted to asking and answering of questions. This is called Question Hour.

4. The immediately following Question Hours is called Zero Hour. It starts at 12 O’clock and press gave the name ‘zero hour’.

5. There are three categories of questions
a. Starred questions can be answered orally on the floor of the house.
b. An unstarred question, which does not carry an asterisk mark, is not given orally but in written form.
c. A short notice question can be asked with notice shorter than the ten days prescribed for an ordinary question.

6. Half an hour discussion can be held in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

7. There are three types of motions
a. Call Attention Motion: A member may call the attention of a minister on an urgent matter through this motion.
b. Adjournment Motion: If speaker agrees, a matter of urgent public importance can be brought before the house, by interrupting the regular business.
c. No-confidence Motion: It expresses a lack of confidence of the Lok Sabha in the council of ministers.
d. Cut Motion is a device to initiate discussions and demands for grants.

8. Only five states have legislative council namely: Bihar, UP, Karnataka, Maharastra and J &K.

9. 5/6 members of Vidhan Parishad are elected directly while 1/6 of them are nominated by the governer.

10. The term of the Vidhan Sabha is fixed for 5 years, but for J & K it is 6 years.
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Monday, November 16, 2009

Indian National Movement Notes-3

My lectures in Indian History have been integrated in the form of a book on Google Play. Have a Look !!!

Sunday, November 15, 2009

General Chemistry Notes-3

Chemistry Notes-3
Ball-and-stick model of the nitric acid molecu...

Image via Wikipedia



1. Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process



2. Full Name of TNT, an explosive is Trinitrotoluene



3. Trinitrophenol, which is used as an explosive and antiseptic is also known as Picric Acid.



4. Nessler’s Reagent is used for the test of Ammonia and Ammonium Salt. It gives brown precipitates



5. Nitric Acid ( HNO3) is manufactured by Electric Arc Process.



6. The process of Petroleum refining is called as a fractional distillation



7. There are various products having different boiling points which are obtained during fractional distillation. At a boiling point of 30 to 70 celcius there is Petroleum Ether which is used as solvent for drycleaning. At a boiling point of 70 to 120 degrees celcius, there is Petrol or gasoline which is used as a motor fuel and general solvent. At a boiling point of 120 to 150 degrees celcius, there is Benzoline which is also a solvent. Then there is Kerosene at 150 to 300 degrees celcius which is used as an illuminant and as a fuel. And Finally above 300 degrees celcius as boiling point, we have Lubricating oil, vasaline and paraffin wax which are used as lubricant, grease and wax.



8. Petrol is obtained by a process called cracking. In this process kerosene and crude oil are broken up into low boiling point hydrocarbons such as Octane and Heptane.



9. To prevent knocking in petrol engine, an antiknock agent such as Tetraethyl lead is added. Now in lead free oils it is not used as it also harms catalytic converters.



10. Iron commonly have three forms, first form which is the crudest form is cast iron containing 2 to 5 percent carbon. Then there is steel which has 0.15 to 1.5% of carbon. Wrought iron is the purest form of iron having 0.12 to 0.25 percent of carbon.



11. On exposure to moist air, in the presence of carbon dioxide, iron is converted into brown hydrated iron oxide ( Fe2O3. 10 H2O). This process is called rusting.



12. Stainless steel contains 13% chromium.



13. Acids are generally sour, turn blue litmus red and generally give hydrogen with metals.



14. An acid is a substance which furnishes H+ ion on dissolving with water. It is proton donor and an electon acceptor.



15. Bases react with Acids to produce salt and water. They turn red litmus blue. They are also called alkalies eg. NaOH.



16. A base is defined as proton acceptor and an electron donor.



17. pH is negative logarithm of H ions. pH of neutral solutions is 7. For acidic solutions, pH is between 0 and 7 and for alkaline solutions it is between 7-14.



18. Metals occur in nature as chemical compounds called minerals. If these minerals are used as the starting material for extracting the metal, they are called ores.


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