President, Vice President of India

Government of the Union (Part-V)
Article (52-151) deals with: Executive, legislature, union judiciary and CAG.
The Union executive in India consists of President, the Vice-President, the council of ministers and the Attorney General of India.

The President

Electroral Procedure: It consists of elected members of the two houses of Parliament and elected members of all the SLA.

Value of vote of an MLA= (Population of the state)/Elected members of SLA X 1000

Value of vote of an MP= No of votes assigned to all MLA/ Total no of elected MPs

Election of president should be done by a secret ballot and based on a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.

Art 56: President term is 5 years. His term may terminate either by

-Resignation in writing to VP of India
-By impeachment.

Qualification: -Citizen of India
- 35 years of age
- Be qualified for election as member of LS
- Must not hold any office of profit.

President should not be a member of either house of parliament or a house of any state legislature. Salary 50,000 per month. Pension 3 Lakh/year

Impeachment:
- Either house may start the procedure.
- Can be brought not less than 2/3 of the total membership of the house.
- Also to be passed by at least 2/3 of the members.

Vacancy: - Due to some unnatural cause then
- VP
- Chief- Justice of India
- Senior- Most member of the SC.

The term ‘Executive Power’, actually refers to the power exercised by the council of Ministers in the name of the President.

The Vice President

- Vide Article 63
- Election: By an electoral collage of members of two houses of Parliament
- Qualification: Identical as of president of India except the candidate should be qualified to be a member of the Rajya Sabha.
- Term , Emoluments: 5 years. May terminate by resignation or by removal.
- Gets a salary of 40,000 Rs. Per month
- Functions as Ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha ( Article 64)

Notes on Indian National Movement-1

My lectures in Indian History have been integrated in the form of a book on Google Play. Have a Look !!!

Notes on General Chemistry-1

CHEMISTRY

SCOPE OF CHEMISTRY:

Deals with matter and the changes that matter undergoes when subjected to the action of heat light, electricity and other matter.
Elements: Substance which cannot be subdivided by any physical or chemical method.
Metals: Silver, Gold, copper sodium etc
Non metals: Oxygen, hydrogen sulphur etc.
Mixtures and compounds :
Iron + Sulphur = Mixture – Possesses both properties of iron and sulphur.
Iron + Sulphur-------------- Heated----FeS--- Compound- Properties of Iron and sulphur are lost.

Kinetic Theory of Matter: It says the pressure of a gas as due to bombardment of the wall of the vessel by the molecules of the gas.

Chemical Reactions:
Decomposition: (AB-------------- A+B)
Combination: (A + B--------------AB)
Double decomposition: (AB + CD----------- AD+ BC)
Displacement: (A +BC---------------- AC + B )

If the heat is evolved in a reaction it is called exothermic if heat is absorbed it is endothermic reaction.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE:
First given by John Dalton : says atom is indestructible.

Nucleas: Rutherford. The entire mass is concentrated in the nucleus which contain protons and neutrons, their total number equal to atomic mass.

The atomic number which is net positive charge on nucleus is equal to the number of protons.
Since the atom is electrically neutral , a number of electrons is equal to the number of the protons revolve around the nucleus.

Chemical Bonding: The force of attraction which binds the atoms in a molecule is called Chemical bonding.

Isotopes: They are atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different atomic masses. They differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Nuclear fission: When certain heavy atoms like Uranium are bombarded with high velocity neutrons, new fast moving neutrons are released along with a large amount of energy. This process is called neuclear fission.

If all the neutrons are used in producing more fission a rapid and violent reaction takes place. This is the basis of the atomic bomb.

Nuclear Fusion: The two isotopes of hydrogen eg. Deutruim and Tririum react to produce, helium, neutron and a flood of energy. This is called fusion, and forms the basis of H-bomb.

Oxidation and Reduction:
Occur side by side.
Wherever there is oxidation, there is reduction.
When Chlorine oxidized Hydrogen sulphide to Sulphur, Hydrogen Sulphide reduces Chlorine to Hydrogen Chloride. Cl2 + H2S--------------- 2HCl + S

Oxidation: Removal of hydrogen or addition of oxygen or removal of electrons.
Reduction: Addition of hydrogen or removal or oxygen or addition of electrons.

Mathces: Side of the Box: Red phosphorous or phosphorous trisulphide.
Match Sticks: Impregnated with borax- so that they can be extinguished without glowing for a long time.

Heavy Water:
Discovered by Urey.
Contains heavy hydrogen atom i.e deuterium(D)
Formula D2O
Density 1.106

Used in Nuclear reactors to absorb neutrons

Notes on General Biology

NUTRITION AND DIET
The green plants and a few types of bacteria which are completely self supporting are called autotrophs.
This mode of nutrition in green plants is achieved mainly by the process of photosynthesis.
All animals including men and non-green plants show heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Hetrotrophs obtain all their energy requirements mainly from organic substances like carbohydrates and fats.

FOOD
Energy yielding food: Carbohydrates and fats
Body building food: Protein and Minerals
Protective food: Vitamins and minerals

Carbohydrates:
One Gram of carbohydrate provides 4.1 Cal.
Manufactured by green plants cia photosynthesis.
Lever converts carbohydrates into glycogen and stores in itself and muscles.
Gycogen is known as animal starch as it is not produced in plants.
Excess carbohydrates is converted to fats.

Fats:
One gram of fat provides 9.3 calories of energy.
Stored as future foods.

Proteins
There are made of amino acids which are the only source of nitrogen in the body.
Amino Acids were discovered by William Rash of USA
One gram of protein provides 4.1 calories.
Proteins are raw material for manufacturing of Hormones, enzymes, antibodies etc.

Minerals:
Vitamins and Minerals are called micronutrients while protein, carbohydrates and fats are called macronutrients.
Ca and P form about ¾ of minerals.
Phosphorous: Metabolism
K and Mg: Muscle Contraction
Na and K: Propagation of nerve impulse and for water balance of the body.
Iron: Raw material for RBC
Iodine: thyroid Glands functioning

Mineral Deficiency Diseases
Anemia: Iron deficiency
Rickets : Calcium
Goiter: Deficiency of Iodine.

Water:
An average man contains about 45 litre of water which is 70% of body weight.

Vitamin:
Funk for the first time used the word Vitamin.
Vitamin A, D, E, K:- Fat soluble
Vitamin B and C:- Water soluble

Vitamin (A) (Retinol) :
Sources: Cod lever oil, egg yolk, yellow vegetables.
Deficiency symptoms: Night Blindness, Xerophthalmia.

Vitamin (B) ( Thiamine):
Sources: Grains, meats, green vegetable.
Deficiency symptoms: Beriberi

Vitamin (C) ( Ascorbic acid):
Sources: Citrus fruits.
Deficiency symptoms: Scurvy (Spongy Gums)

Vitamin (D) ( Calcipherol):
Sources: Animal oil and U-V Rays.
Deficiency symptoms: Rickets, Osteomalacia.

Vitamin (E) ( Tocopherol):
Sources: Unpolished grain, animal and vegetable oil and wheat.
Deficiency symptoms: Muscular Paralysis.

Vitamin (K) ( Kgluation or Coagulation):
Sources: Leafy vegetables.
Deficiency symptoms: Improper coagulation of blood,
Lathyrism: Caused by a neurotoxin, found in Kesri Dal

Notes on Indian Geography

The Details of this post have been integrated into the book below!! 

General Studies Lecture Notes

 Geography

By

Priyank Goyal

Order Here

The present book is a compilation of the main points of the lectures given by Priyank Goyal in Geography to the students preparing for Indian and State Civil Services examinations.

This is meant to be used for quick revision of the topic just before examination or for daily brushing up of the points.

The details are derived from the notes made during the author's preparation of the Civil Services Examination which helped him in qualifying the prelims part of the examination twice.

This is equally helpful for students who are preparing for State Civil Service, Banking, Customs, Income Tax and other entrance examinations.

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Notes on Early Vedic Age

My lectures in Indian History have been integrated in the form of a book on Google Play. Have a Look !!!

Notes on Indian History: Indus Valley Civilisation

My lectures in Indian History have been integrated in the form of a book on Google Play. Have a Look !!!

Notes on Fundamental Rights

Fundamental Rights
Part III of the Indian Constitution( A 12-35) deals with the FR granted to individuals.
Originally seven groups of rights. But now 44th Amendment ‘Right to property’ deleted.
1) Right to equality and liberty : Art (14-18)
14: Equality before law
15: Prohibition of discrimination
16: Equality of opportunity
17: Abolishes practices of untouchability
18: Prohibits state from confirming any title

2) Right to Freedom. (19-22)
-Freedom of speech and expression
-Freedom of Assembly
-Freedom to form associations
-Freedom to move freely throughout India
-Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country
-Freedom to practice any profession

3) Right against Exploitation (23-24)
Art 23: Prohibits traffic against human beings and beggar
Art 24: Prohibits employment of children below 14 years of age in factories mines etc.

4) Right of Freedom of Religion (25-28)

5) Right for Culture and Education (Article 29-30)

6) Right to Constitutional Remedies(Article 32)

• Dr Ambedkar call article 32 as “the very soul of the constitution and the very heart of it”.

• In Golaknath case in 1967, the SC ruled that parliament has no power to amend any of the provisions of part III so as to take away or abridge fundamental rights as guaranteed by the constitution.

• In Keshawnand Bharti case, the SC ruled that parliament has power to amend, but it can not destroy the basic structure of the constitution.

• In T.K,Rangarajan Vs Govt of TN and others, SC observed that govt employees including doctors working in state run hospitals and dispensaries have no “fundamental, legal, moral or equitable right to go on strike even for a just cause".

Distinction between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles

*Fundamental Rights are justifiable while Directive Principles are not.

* Fundamental Rights are negative and Directive Principles are positive.

* Fundamental Rights responsible for political democracy while Directive Principles are for establishment of economical and welfare state.

* If there is discrepancy between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles then Fundamental Rights will prevail.

The Writs:
Habeas Corpus: “To have a body”- An order calling a person who has detained another to produce the letter before the court to let it know, on what ground he has been confirmed.

Prohibition : It is issued by SC or HC to a inferior court forbidding jurisdiction or to usurp a jurisdiction with which it is not legally vested.

Mandamus: ”We command” : Commands the person to whom it is addressed to perform some public or quasilegal duty which he has refused to perform.

Certiorary: It is issued to a lower court after a case has been decided by it, quashing the decision or order.
Qua-Wananto: It is a proceeding by which the court enquires into the legality of the claim which a party asserts to a public office.

Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy

Constitutional Rights for Indian Citizens

- Fundamental rights under articles 15, 16, 19
- Some important posts reserved
- right to vote

The Parliament has passed a bill on dual citizenship for persons of Indian Origin ( PIO) living abroad.

Fundamental Duties

--> By 42nd Amendment, part IV A, Aticle 51 A
--> There are 10 fundamental duties.
--> Justice Verma Committee had recommended for enforcement of Fundamental duties by the citizens.

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

-> From Article 37- Article 51
-> Part IV of the Constitution

DPSP as mentioned in other parts of the constitution:

-> Article 350: Providing primary education in mother tongue for people of minority class
-> Article 351: Duty to spread Hindi Language amongst people of India
-> Article 335: To appoint SC, ST in state and union services

DPSP are  Affected by Western Liberalism

Some Important DPSPs

Article 44: Uniform Civil Code
Article 45: Free and Compulsory Education for Children
Article 50: Separation of Judiciary from Public Services
Article 51: Development of International peace and Security
Article 49: Protection of National and Historical Monuments

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