Teeth and Bones

Teeth

-In lower vertibrates, the teeth are replaced continuously. This condition is called Polyphyodonty.

- Diphyodont is a condition in which there are only 2 definite sets of teeth.

Teeth Types

Incisiors are used for cutting and biting. Canines are used for stabbing. Premolars are used for cutting and Molars  are used for grinding.

Dental Formula:  Dental formula for Milk set for man is 2120/2120= total 20 teeth. For an adult man the dental formula is 2123/2123= Total 32 teeth.

Dental Trivia

1. First Milk Teeth to appear are Incisors while the first permanent teeth to appear is 1st Molar.

2. First Molar is the largest of all teeth while the third molar (last) which is also called the wisdom toot is the smallest.

3. Tusks of Elephats are modified incisor teeth.

4. African Elephants, both males and females have tusks while in India only males have them.

5. The prolonged teeth of Wild Boars are modified Canine Teeth.

Human Bones

The bone of brain box is called Cranium, Cheek bone is called Zygomatic bone, Upper jaw bone is called Maxilla, that of lower jaw is called Mandible. Collar bone is called Clavicle, Shoulder bone is called Scapulla, Hip Bones are named as Ilium, Ischium and Pubic. Knee bone is called Patella, chest bones are called Pectoral Glands, waist bones are called pelvic girdles. Upper arm bone is called Humerus, fore-arm bone are called Radius and Ulna. Wrist bones are called Carpals and Palm Meta Carpals. Finger bones are called Phalanges, thigh bone is called Femur, shank bones are called Tibia and Febula. Ankles are called Tarsals, sole bones are called meta tarsals, Foot-fingers are called phallanges and Sessamoid.

Bones Trivia

1. At the time of birth, the total of bones are 350 while in adults it is 206.

2. Each bone meets with other except Hyoid bone ( U-shaped) at the neck. It is helpful in crime identification.

3. Femur is the longest bone.

4. Vertebre are 26 bones in number

5. Stapes in tthe inner ear is the smallest bone.

Bone joints are of three types , Non-Movable as that found in Skull, Slightly movable as that found in Vertebra and Movable as found in hip and shoulder joints.

Notes on General Biology

NUTRITION AND DIET
The green plants and a few types of bacteria which are completely self supporting are called autotrophs.
This mode of nutrition in green plants is achieved mainly by the process of photosynthesis.
All animals including men and non-green plants show heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Hetrotrophs obtain all their energy requirements mainly from organic substances like carbohydrates and fats.

FOOD
Energy yielding food: Carbohydrates and fats
Body building food: Protein and Minerals
Protective food: Vitamins and minerals

Carbohydrates:
One Gram of carbohydrate provides 4.1 Cal.
Manufactured by green plants cia photosynthesis.
Lever converts carbohydrates into glycogen and stores in itself and muscles.
Gycogen is known as animal starch as it is not produced in plants.
Excess carbohydrates is converted to fats.

Fats:
One gram of fat provides 9.3 calories of energy.
Stored as future foods.

Proteins
There are made of amino acids which are the only source of nitrogen in the body.
Amino Acids were discovered by William Rash of USA
One gram of protein provides 4.1 calories.
Proteins are raw material for manufacturing of Hormones, enzymes, antibodies etc.

Minerals:
Vitamins and Minerals are called micronutrients while protein, carbohydrates and fats are called macronutrients.
Ca and P form about ¾ of minerals.
Phosphorous: Metabolism
K and Mg: Muscle Contraction
Na and K: Propagation of nerve impulse and for water balance of the body.
Iron: Raw material for RBC
Iodine: thyroid Glands functioning

Mineral Deficiency Diseases
Anemia: Iron deficiency
Rickets : Calcium
Goiter: Deficiency of Iodine.

Water:
An average man contains about 45 litre of water which is 70% of body weight.

Vitamin:
Funk for the first time used the word Vitamin.
Vitamin A, D, E, K:- Fat soluble
Vitamin B and C:- Water soluble

Vitamin (A) (Retinol) :
Sources: Cod lever oil, egg yolk, yellow vegetables.
Deficiency symptoms: Night Blindness, Xerophthalmia.

Vitamin (B) ( Thiamine):
Sources: Grains, meats, green vegetable.
Deficiency symptoms: Beriberi

Vitamin (C) ( Ascorbic acid):
Sources: Citrus fruits.
Deficiency symptoms: Scurvy (Spongy Gums)

Vitamin (D) ( Calcipherol):
Sources: Animal oil and U-V Rays.
Deficiency symptoms: Rickets, Osteomalacia.

Vitamin (E) ( Tocopherol):
Sources: Unpolished grain, animal and vegetable oil and wheat.
Deficiency symptoms: Muscular Paralysis.

Vitamin (K) ( Kgluation or Coagulation):
Sources: Leafy vegetables.
Deficiency symptoms: Improper coagulation of blood,
Lathyrism: Caused by a neurotoxin, found in Kesri Dal